A brief history of modern biology

Anton Nekrutenko

Updated: PURL: gxy.io/GTN:S00113

Tip: press P to view the presenter notes | Use arrow keys to move between slides

1 / 33

Presenter notes contain extra information which might be useful if you intend to use these slides for teaching.

Press P again to switch presenter notes off

Press C to create a new window where the same presentation will be displayed. This window is linked to the main window. Changing slides on one will cause the slide to change on the other.

Useful when presenting.

Charles Darwin

The fabric of biology: 1809 - 1882

Darwin

Provisional theory of pangenesis. All sperm, egg, buds consisted of multitude of gemmules given off by “ each separate atom of the organism ”.

2 / 33

Francis Galton

Experimental validation: 1822 - 1911

Blood transfusion in rabbits produces no evidence to support provisional theory of pangenesis.

3 / 33

Darwin gets pissed

Darwin letter to Nature

4 / 33

Gregor Johann Mendel

Quantifiable heredity: 1822 - 1884

Born in Austro-Hungarian Empire (1822)
Admitted at the Augustinian monastery in Brno (1843)
Studies in Vienna with Doppler, Ettinghausen, Redtenbacher, Fenzl, and Unger (1851 - 1853)
Teaches at the Monastery (1853 - 1868)
Grows 28,000 plants and analyzed seven pairs of traits

5 / 33

Mendel gets lucky

Mendel results

(From Magner 2002)

6 / 33

Mendel cartoon

(From Gonick Wheelis 1991)

7 / 33

Perhaps too lucky

Mendel re-examination

(From Sturtevant 2001)

8 / 33

deVreis/Correns/Tschemak

The Rediscovery

DCT

9 / 33

Meanwhile chromosomal theory evolves

Species have a constant number of chromosomes
Equal numbers come from egg and sperm
Reduction is accomplished by divisions
Chromosomes are bearers of hereditary material

10 / 33

The fly room

Morgan/Sturtevant/Bridges/Muller

Chromosomes contain hereditary information
Genes are linearly distributed along chromosome
Gene is a unit of information
Gene can define characteristics such as eye color, wing shape etc.

11 / 33

Academic competition!

Muller Scribble

(From Carson 2004)

12 / 33

But what is the carrier of information?

Miescher | nucleic acids
Kossel | DNA, RNA, histones
Levene | tetranucleotide theory
Chargaff | parity rules
Griffith, Avery, MacLeod, McCarty | nucleic acid is the transforming factor

13 / 33

The Church of Phage

Delbrück, Luria, Hershey | replication and genetic structure of viruses
Lwoff | profage and lysogeny
Lederberg, Hayes | bacterial sex, plasmids
Hershey, Chase | DNA = heredity
Watson | ...

14 / 33

Delbrück, Luria, Hershey

dlh

NP 1969: " discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and genetic structure of viruses "

15 / 33

Luria Delbrück Experiment

16 / 33

Hershey-Chase experiment

17 / 33

Lederberg-Tatum experiment

Genetic recombination in E. coli

Lederberg-Tatum Experiment

18 / 33

Blender again!

Genetic distance in bacteria

19 / 33

DNA

Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins | the structure of DNA
Meselson, Stahl | semiconservative replication
Ochoa, Kornberg | enzymatic synthesis of nucleic acids
Holley, Nirenberg, Khorana | the code

20 / 33

Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins

DNA is an antiparallel double helix

Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins

21 / 33

Three papers

22 / 33

Meselson, Stahl

DNA replication is semiconservative

Meselson, Stahl

23 / 33

Meselson-Stahl experiment

CsCl gradient centrifugation

Meselson, Stahl experiment 1

24 / 33

Meselson, Stahl experiment 2

25 / 33

Gene function

Lwoff, Jacob, Monod | genetic map and gene regulation
Beadle, Tatum | one gene = one protein
Pauling, Ingram | molecular disease

26 / 33

Lwoff, Jacob, Monod

Lysogeny, prophage, genetic maps, gene regulation

Lwoff, Jacob, Monod

27 / 33

Regulation

28 / 33

Reverse Transcription, Recombinant Age

Temin, Baltimore | reverse transcription
Cohen, Boyer | recombinant methodologies
Berg | SV40
Maxam, Gilbert, Sanger | sequencing is here

29 / 33

Berg experiment

30 / 33

PCR

PCR1

PCR2

31 / 33

DNA Sequencing is here!

Wu, Sanger, Gilbert, Mullis

32 / 33

Thank You!

This material is the result of a collaborative work. Thanks to the Galaxy Training Network and all the contributors!

Author(s)	Anton Nekrutenko
Reviewers

Tutorial Content is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

↑, ←, Pg Up, k	Go to previous slide
↓, →, Pg Dn, Space, j	Go to next slide
Home	Go to first slide
End	Go to last slide
Number + Return	Go to specific slide
b / m / f	Toggle blackout / mirrored / fullscreen mode
c	Clone slideshow
p	Toggle presenter mode
t	Restart the presentation timer
?, h	Toggle this help

A brief history of modern biology

Charles Darwin

Francis Galton

Darwin gets pissed

Gregor Johann Mendel

Mendel gets lucky

Perhaps too lucky

deVreis/Correns/Tschemak

Meanwhile chromosomal theory evolves

The fly room

Academic competition!

But what is the carrier of information?

The Church of Phage

Delbrück, Luria, Hershey

Luria Delbrück Experiment

Hershey-Chase experiment

Lederberg-Tatum experiment

Blender again!

DNA

Crick, Franklin, Watson, Wilkins

Meselson, Stahl

Meselson-Stahl experiment

Gene function

Lwoff, Jacob, Monod

Reverse Transcription, Recombinant Age

Berg experiment

PCR

DNA Sequencing is here!

Thank You!

Charles Darwin

Help