Galaxy Code Architecture

Contributors

John Chilton Björn Grüning

Questions

• How is the Galaxy code structured?

• What do the various other projects related to Galaxy do?

• What happens when I start Galaxy?

Objectives

• Explore various aspects of the Galaxy codebase.

• Understand the various top-level files and modules in Galaxy.

• Understand how dependencies work in Galaxy’s frontend and backend.

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layout: introduction_slides topic_name: Galaxy Architecture

Galaxy Architecture

Please Interrupt!

We’re here to answer your questions about Galaxy architecture!

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Chat: galaxyproject Lobby

GitHub: github.com/galaxyproject

Twitter: #usegalaxy, @galaxyproject

The /galaxyproject projects

The architecture of the ecosystem.

Speaker Notes

Too many to cover all but we’ll cover some of the big ones in a few big categories. User-facing applications, projects for Galaxy plugin developers, and projects for Galaxy administrators.

Lots of Gitter actually

https://gitter.im/galaxyproject

More links we’ll mention as we go through the slides:

• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_Lobby:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_dev:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_admins:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_FederatedGalaxy:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_bioblend:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_ephemeris:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#usegalaxy-eu_Lobby:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#galaxy-iuc_iuc:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#bgruening_docker-galaxy-stable:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#Galaxy-Training-Network_Lobby:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#biocontainers_Lobby:gitter.im
• https://matrix.to/#/#bioconda_Lobby:gitter.im

Working group chats linked at https://galaxyproject.org/community/wg/.

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User-Facing Applications

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galaxyproject/galaxy

The main Galaxy application.

Web interface, database model, job running, etc…

Also includes other web applications including the ToolShed.

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galaxyproject/cloudlaunch

CloudLaunch web application to make it easy to launch images on a cloud, drives https://launch.usegalaxy.org

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galaxyproject/training-material

Galaxy training material for scientists, developers, and admins. Powers https://training.galaxyproject.org/.

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galaxyproject/hub

The Galaxy Hub is the community and documentation hub for the Galaxy Project. It is maintained by the community through this GitHub repository. It is a static website built using the metalsmith static site generator.

Powers https://galaxyproject.org/.

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galaxyproject/bioblend

Official Python client for the Galaxy, ToolShed, and CloudMan APIs.

Best documented path to scripting the Galaxy API.

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• galaxyproject/blend4php
• galaxyproject/blend4j
• chapmanb/clj-blend

Galaxy API bindings for other languages, less actively maintained.

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galaxyproject/cloudman

Galaxy CloudMan - a web application which manages a Galaxy Kubernetes cluster in the cloud.

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bgruening/docker-galaxy-stable

High quality Docker containers for stable Galaxy environments.

Releases corresponding to each new version of Galaxy.

Many flavors available.

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For Plugin Developers

galaxyproject/tools-iuc

Galaxy tools maintained by the IUC (“Intergalactic Utilities Commission”).

A variety of tools, generally of high quality including many of the core tools for Galaxy main.

Demonstrates current tool development best practices - development on github and then deployed to test/main ToolSheds

galaxyproject/tools-devteam

Many older tools appearing on usegalaxy.org.

Tools Aside - More Repositories

Other repositories with high quality tools:

• Björn Grüning’s repo
• Peter Cock’s repos:
  • blast repo
  • pico repo
  • mira repo
• ENCODE tools
• Biopython repo
• Galaxy Proteomics repo
• Greg von Kuster’s repo
• TGAC repo
• AAFC-MBB Canada repo
• Mark Einon’s repo

galaxyproject/iwc

Intergalactic Workflow Commission. Hosting workflows and defining best practices for publishing workflows.

https://matrix.to/#/#galaxyproject_iwc:gitter.im

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galaxyproject/planemo

Command-line utilities to assist in the development of Galaxy tools and workflows. Linting, testing, deploying to ToolSheds…

The best practice approach for Galaxy tool development!

galaxyproject/planemo-machine

Builds Galaxy environments for Galaxy tool development including Docker container, virtual machines, Google compute images

galaxyproject/galaxy-language-server

Language server implementation for Galaxy tools. Visual Studio Code extension for tool development.

Test execution, code completion, best practices, documentation tooltips, etc..

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galaxyproject/starforge

Build Galaxy framework dependencies as Python wheels when needed.

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galaxyproject/cargo-port

Provides stable URLs and caching for application links, etc.. An important layer for reproducibility but largely transparent.

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For Deployers and Admins

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galaxyproject/{ansible-*, *-playbook}
usegalaxy-eu/{ansible-*, *-playbook}

Ansible components to automate almost every aspect of Galaxy installation and maintenance.

Ansible is an advanced configuration management system

These playbooks are used to maintain Galaxy main, cloud and Docker images, virtual machines, …

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galaxyproject/gravity

A process manager (supervisor) and management tools for Galaxy servers.

galaxyctl which is used to manage the starting, stopping, and logging of Galaxy’s various processes.

galaxy which can be used to run a Galaxy server in the foreground.

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galaxyproject/galaxy-helm

Kubernetes helm chart for deploying Galaxy. Leveraged by cloudlaunch and CloudMan but usable standalone.

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galaxyproject/pulsar

Distributed job execution engine for Galaxy.

Stages data, scripts, configuration.

Can run jobs on Windows machines.

Can act as its own queuing system or access an existing cluster DRM.

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galaxyproject/ephemeris

Library and CLI for managing Galaxy plugins - tools, index data, and workflows.

Layer on top of BioBlend building useful utilities for working with the Galaxy API from an administrator perspective.

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galaxyproject/gxadmin

Handy command-line utility for Galaxy administrators.

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ephemeris vs gxadmin

Ephemeris generally talks to the Galaxy API and is a pure Python project, gxadmin talks directly to the Galaxy database and relevant files.

Total Perspective Vortex

galaxyproject/total-perspective-vortex **

TotalPerspectiveVortex (TPV) provides an installable set of dynamic rules for the Galaxy application that can route entities (Tools, Users, Roles) to appropriate job destinations based on a configurable yaml file.

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**usegalaxy-eu/tiaas2 **

Django-based infrastructure for creating pools of users, etc.. for training events and connecting them to Galaxy.

Some (out of many) friends of the project

Check out dev training materials “Tool Dependencies and Conda” and “Tool Dependencies and Containers” for more context.

Putting it all together

Speaker Notes

TODO: cover gxformat2

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galaxyproject/galaxy

The rest of the slides will focus on the core repository.

Project Management

The social architecture of the project.

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Contributing Quick Start

Contribution guidelines: https://bit.ly/gx-CONTRIBUTING-md

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Pull Requests

Nearly all changes should come in through GitHub Pull Requests.

The exceptions include security patches, packaging and release process artifacts, and backporting fixes to older releases.

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Security (SECURITY_POLICY.md)

In brief, to responsibly report security issues e-mail

galaxy-committers@lists.galaxyproject.org

Check out the full policy in SECURITY_POLICY.md.

Branches

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Committers & Open Goverance

All repository goverance is done in the open on GitHub via Pull Requests and voting. Galaxy goes beyond open source to open goverance.

“The committers group is the group of trusted developers and advocates who manage the core Galaxy code base.”

“Galaxy Project committers are the only individuals who may commit to the core Galaxy code base.”

“Committers may participate in all formal votes, including votes to modify team membership, merge pull requests, and modify [policies].”

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Working Groups

https://galaxyproject.org/community/wg/

“Galaxy has grown a lot over the years, going from a project at one university in 2005 to the global community it is today. Several parts of the Galaxy ecosystem have become avowedly and obviously community driven during that time, including tools, code, training, and several other international efforts. Galaxy Working Groups push this global model to other areas of Galaxy as well.”

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Code of Conduct (CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md)

Describes expectations, encourages diversity, and describes how to report issues such as unacceptable behavior.

Check out the full policy in CODE_OF_CONDUCT.md.

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Release Process

New large releases are issued roughly every 4 months. The process is guided by an auto-created self documenting release issue.

Check out the 21.05 release issue as an example.

Working groups create roadmaps aligned with each release and coordinated with project leadership.

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Organizing Issues and Pull Requests

Extensive use of Github tags are used to try to organize the numerous issues and pull requests of the Galaxy repository.

The tags are described in detail in issues.rst.

Continuous Integration (CI)

If you get Red Xs - take a second to ponder whether they make sense and don’t be afraid to ask, it is a complex system with a lot of noise!

Linting and Code Formatting

Part of the Galaxy CI process includes linting and checking the format of both the backend Python and frontend ES 6 code. This linting process captures many common problems as well as enforcing a common code style.

The output reports from the CI process are relatively straightforward, but it is a good process to lint changes and formatting your code before opening pull requests for them.

Execute the format make command to format the backend code and then use tox to lint the formatted code.

$ make format
$ tox -e lint

Execute the client-format make command to format the code and then the client-lint command to lint the formatted code.

$ make client-format
$ make client-lint

mypy and Python Types

Starting with release 21.01, portions of the Galaxy backend have Python 3 type annotations and static checking is performed as part of CI. Imported library types are not enforcing and mypy does a fair job inferring types in most situations, so this process should be relatively transparent to contributors.

If there are problems with typing, the CI produces explicit output about how to correct problems. These problems generally just require a single type annotation. Feel free to request help on a pull request for what that should look like.

To run a subset of the python type checking locally, tox again can be used:

$ tox -e mypy

A quick overview about why to add type annotations to Python code and how to use them can be found on this blog post. Additional useful resources include this cheat sheet from mypy and the Python docs for the typing module.

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Development Environments

Galaxy developers use a wide range of IDEs and we don’t offer any formal recommendation of one over another.

However, Marius has assembled some documentation on debugging the Galaxy server and tests using VS Code.

Development Environment - Gitpod

Galaxy does have a Gitpod configuration that is enabled to allow editing and testing PRs https://www.gitpod.io/.

Video from Marius presenting Gitpod at the Galaxy Developer Roundtable (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3e71DFg3gsw#t=39m0s)

docs.galaxyproject.org

All these documents as well as versions code and deployment documentation and release notes can be found at docs.galaxyproject.org.

Principles

The guiding principles of the core code architecture.

Aspirational Principles of Galaxy Architecture

Whereas the architecture of the frontend (Web UI) aims for consistency and is highly opinionated, the backend (Python server) is guided by flexibility and is meant to be driven by plugins whenever possible.

Speaker Notes

Though an imperfect abstraction… maybe it is beneficial to think of the organizational principles that guide frontend and backend development of Galaxy as diametrically opposite.

The frontend architecture is guided by the principle that the end user experience should be as simple and consistent as possible. The backend has been deployed at so many different sites and targeting so many different technologies - that flexibility is paramount.

An Opinionated Frontend

• The target audience is a bench scientist - no knowledge of programming, paths, or command lines should be assumed.
• Consistent colors, fonts, themes, etc…
• Reusable components for presenting common widgets - from the generic (forms and grids) to the specific (tools and histories).
• Tied to specific technologies:
  • Implemented in JavaScript (ES6)
  • Built with webpack
  • Vue.js for component definitions

A Plugin Driven Backend

Galaxy’s backend is in many ways driven by pluggable interfaces and can be adapted to many different technologies.

• SQLAlchemy allows using SQLite, PostgreSQL, or MySQL (sort of) for your database.
• Many different cluster backends or job managers are supported.
• Different frontend proxies (e.g. nginx) are supported as well as web application containers (e.g. uWSGI, gunicorn).
• Different storage strategies and technologies are supported (e.g. S3, iRODS).
• Tool definitions, job metrics, stat middleware, tool dependency resolution, workflow modules, datatype definitions are all plugin driven.

Speaker Notes

If the chief architectural principle guiding the frontend is a fast and accessible experience for the bench scientist, perhaps for the backend it is allowing deployment on many different platforms and a different scales.

A Plugin Driven Backend but…

Galaxy has long been guided by the principle that cloning it and calling the run.sh should “just work” and should work quickly.

So by default Galaxy does not require:

• Compilation - it fetches binary wheels for your platform.
• A job manager - Galaxy can act as one.
• An external database server - Galaxy can use an sqlite database.
• A web proxy or external Python web server.

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In other words…

The Galaxy frontend is architected with the bench scientist in mind first and foremost, the Galaxy backend is architected with Galaxy administrators in mind first and foremost.

Speaker Notes

TODO: slide connecting architecture to people here

Files and Directories

The physical architecture of the Galaxy code.

Project Docs

Code

Scripts

Test Sources

Continuous Integration

One Repository, Two Views of a Project

lib contains a single monolithic view of the galaxy namespace.

Each sub-directory of packages contains a logical subset of this galaxy namespace. Directory symbolic links are used to ensure the same files are used.

Speaker Notes

TODO: a slide before this one describing Python modules and how they map to files using galaxy.util, galaxy.model.mapping, and galaxy.web.framework.

Package Structure

PyPI

Web Frameworks

The architecture of an interaction.

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Bits and pieces of older client technologies appear throughout - ranging from Python mako templates to generate HTML, lower-level jQuery, and lots of Backbone legacy MVC.

Expanding the right side of that diagram. We will move through the components left to right.

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ASGI - Application

Spiritual successor to WSGI. An ASGI application is an async callable that takes in a scope (dict describing the connection), send (an async callable to respond to events via), and receive (an async callable to receive messages).

async def application(scope, receive, send):
    event = await receive()
    ...
    await send({"type": "http.response.body", ...})

Checkout ASGI documentation for more details.

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ASGI & Starlette Low-level Example

We will talk a lot about Galaxy and FastAPI - but much of its plumbing is just aliases for starlette ASGI handling.

from starlette.responses import PlainTextResponse

async def app(scope, receive, send):
    assert scope['type'] == "http"
    response = PlainTextResponse('Hello, world!')
    await response(scope, receive, send)

If this is placed in a file called example.py with Starlette on the Python path, the application server uvicorn can then host this application with the following shell command:

$ uvicorn example:app
INFO: Started server process [11509]
INFO: Uvicorn running on http://127.0.0.1:8000 (Press CTRL+C to quit)

Example from starlette.io.

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ASGI - Starlette High-level Example

Building a higher-level example.py with Starlette.

from starlette.applications import Starlette
from starlette.responses import JSONResponse
from starlette.routing import Route


async def homepage(request):
    return JSONResponse({'hello': 'world'})


app = Starlette(debug=True, routes=[
    Route('/', homepage),
])

A small framework for building web applications.

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ASGI - FastAPI

From https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/fastapi/applications.py

...
from starlette.applications import Starlette
...

class FastAPI(Starlette):
    ...

FastAPI (the library and the application base) extends starlette framework with features for building APIs. These include data validation, serialization, documentation generation.

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FastAPI __call__

https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/fastapi/applications.py

async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
    if self.root_path:
        scope["root_path"] = self.root_path
    if AsyncExitStack:
        async with AsyncExitStack() as stack:
             scope["fastapi_astack"] = stack
             await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)
    else:
        await super().__call__(scope, receive, send)  # pragma: no cover

A light wrapper around Starlette’s call entry point.

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Starlette __call__

https://github.com/encode/starlette/blob/master/starlette/applications.py

async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
   scope["app"] = self
   await self.middleware_stack(scope, receive, send)

Walks through Starlette middleware.

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Starlette build_middleware_stack

https://github.com/encode/starlette/blob/master/starlette/applications.py

def build_middleware_stack(self) -> ASGIApp:
    ...

    app = self.router
    for cls, options in reversed(middleware):
        app = cls(app=app, **options)
    return app

Start with the router and surround it with each layer of configured middleware.

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ASGI Middleware

It is possible to have ASGI “middleware” - code that plays the role of both server and application, taking in a scope and the send/receive awaitable callables, potentially modifying them, and then calling an inner application.

https://asgi.readthedocs.io/en/latest/specs/main.html#middleware

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Starlette Middleware

Starlette includes several middleware classes for adding behavior that is applied across your entire application. These are all implemented as standard ASGI middleware classes, and can be applied either to Starlette or to any other ASGI application.

https://www.starlette.io/middleware/

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Starlette build_middleware_stack

https://github.com/encode/starlette/blob/master/starlette/applications.py

def build_middleware_stack(self) -> ASGIApp:
    ...

    app = self.router
    for cls, options in reversed(middleware):
        app = cls(app=app, **options)
    return app

Notice the inner most layer is the router.

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FastAPI Router Initialization

https://github.com/tiangolo/fastapi/blob/master/fastapi/applications.py

class FastAPI(Starlette):
    def __init__(self, ...):
        self.router: routing.APIRouter = routing.APIRouter(
            routes=routes,
        )

FastAPI Router

from starlette import routing

class APIRouter(routing.Router):
   ...

Starlette Router

https://github.com/encode/starlette/blob/master/starlette/routing.py

async def __call__(self, scope: Scope, receive: Receive, send: Send) -> None:
   ...
   for route in self.routes:
       # Determine if any route matches the incoming scope,
       # and hand over to the matching route if found.
       match, child_scope = route.matches(scope)
       if match == Match.FULL:
           scope.update(child_scope)
           await route.handle(scope, receive, send)
           return
       ...

https://www.starlette.io/routing/

• https://www.starlette.io/routing/
• https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#apirouter
• https://fastapi-utils.davidmontague.xyz/user-guide/inferring-router/

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In order to understand how the routing classes are setup within Galaxy, lets step back and look really quickly at how Galaxy’s FastAPI application (ASGI endpoint) is constructed.

FastAPI Factory

lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/fast_factory.py

def factory():
    props = WebappSetupProps(
        app_name='galaxy',
        default_section_name=DEFAULT_CONFIG_SECTION,
        env_config_file='GALAXY_CONFIG_FILE',
        env_config_section='GALAXY_CONFIG_SECTION',
        check_galaxy_root=True
    )
    config_provider = WebappConfigResolver(props)
    config = config_provider.resolve_config()
    gx_webapp, gx_app = app_pair(
        global_conf=config.global_conf,
        load_app_kwds=config.load_app_kwds,
        wsgi_preflight=config.wsgi_preflight
    )
    return initialize_fast_app(gx_webapp, gx_app)

FastAPI Application

lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/fast_app.py

def initialize_fast_app(gx_webapp, gx_app):
    app = FastAPI(
        title="Galaxy API",
        docs_url="/api/docs",
        openapi_tags=api_tags_metadata,
    )
    add_exception_handler(app)
    add_galaxy_middleware(app, gx_app)
    add_request_id_middleware(app)
    include_all_package_routers(app, 'galaxy.webapps.galaxy.api')
    wsgi_handler = WSGIMiddleware(gx_webapp)
    app.mount('/', wsgi_handler)
    return app

Finding API Routers

Following this line:

include_all_package_routers(app, 'galaxy.webapps.galaxy.api')

to the file

lib/galaxy/webapps/base/api.py

def include_all_package_routers(app: FastAPI, package_name: str):
    for _, module in walk_controller_modules(package_name):
        router = getattr(module, "router", None)
        if router:
            app.include_router(router)

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Routing inside the Application

router = Router(tags=['tags'])


@router.cbv
class FastAPITags:
    manager: TagsManager = depends(TagsManager)

    @router.put(
        '/api/tags',
        summary="Apply a new set of tags to an item.",
        status_code=status.HTTP_204_NO_CONTENT,
    )
    def update(
        self,
        trans: ProvidesUserContext = DependsOnTrans,
        payload: ItemTagsPayload = Body(
            ...,  # Required
            title="Payload",
            description="Request body containing the item and the tags to be assigned.",
        ),
    ):
        """Replaces the tags associated with an item with the new ones specified in the payload.

        - The previous tags will be __deleted__.
        - If no tags are provided in the request body, the currently associated tags will also be __deleted__.
        """
        self.manager.update(trans, payload)

• https://www.starlette.io/routing/
• https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/bigger-applications/#apirouter
• https://fastapi-utils.davidmontague.xyz/user-guide/inferring-router/

WSGI Fallback

Back to initialize_fast_app, two of the final lines were as follows:

wsgi_handler = WSGIMiddleware(gx_webapp)
app.mount('/', wsgi_handler)

This effectively provides a fallback to our legacy WSGI application.

WSGI

• Python interface for web servers defined by PEP 333 - https://www.python.org/dev/peps/pep-0333/.
• Galaxy tends to favor uWSGI, but other options such as Gunicorn and Paste can be used to host the application.
  • https://uwsgi-docs.readthedocs.io/ (a million bells and whistles, highly performant, a bit brittle)
  • https://gunicorn.org/ (simpler, more standard Python 3 WSGI server)
  • https://bitbucket.org/ianb/paste (more of legacy interest, but still heavily used in testing for instance)

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WSGI Middleware

A WSGI function:

def app(environ, start_response):

• Middleware act as filters, modify the environ and then pass through to the next webapp
• Galaxy uses several middleware components defined in the wrap_in_middleware function of galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp.

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Galaxy’s WSGI Middleware

Middleware configured in galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp#wrap_in_middleware.

• paste.httpexceptions#make_middleware
• galaxy.web.framework.middleware.remoteuser#RemoteUser (if configured)
• paste.recursive#RecursiveMiddleware
• galaxy.web.framework.middleware.sentry#Sentry (if configured)
• Various debugging middleware (linting, interactive exceptions, etc…)
• galaxy.web.framework.middleware.statsd#StatsdMiddleware (if configured)
• galaxy.web.framework.middleware.xforwardedhost#XForwardedHostMiddleware
• galaxy.web.framework.middleware.request_id#RequestIDMiddleware

Instances

Classes

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Routes

Setup on webapp in galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp.py.

webapp.add_route(
    '/datasets/:dataset_id/display/{filename:.+?}',
    controller='dataset', action='display',
    dataset_id=None, filename=None
)

URL /datasets/278043/display matches this route, so handle_request will

• lookup the controller named “dataset”
• look for a method named “display” that is exposed
• call it, passing dataset_id and filename as keyword arg

Uses popular Routes library (https://pypi.python.org/pypi/Routes).

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Simplified handle_request from lib/galaxy/web/framework/base.py.

def handle_request(self, environ, start_response):
    path_info = environ.get( 'PATH_INFO', '' )
    map = self.mapper.match( path_info, environ )
    if path_info.startswith('/api'):
        controllers = self.api_controllers
    else:
        controllers = self.controllers

    trans = self.transaction_factory( environ )

    controller_name = map.pop( 'controller', None )
    controller = controllers.get( controller_name, None )

    # Resolve action method on controller
    action = map.pop( 'action', 'index' )
    method = getattr( controller, action, None )

    kwargs = trans.request.params.mixed()
    # Read controller arguments from mapper match
    kwargs.update( map )

    body = method( trans, **kwargs )
    # Body may be a file, string, etc... respond with it.

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Controllers

Three varieties

1. FastAPI ASGI API controllers
2. WSGI API controllers
3. Legacy WSGI web controllers.

Ideally each of these are thin. Focused on “web things” - adapting parameters and responses and move “business logic” to components not bound to web functionality.

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FastAPI Controllers

• Found in lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/controllers/api/.
• Consume and produce typed data using Python 3 type annotations, FastAPI helpers, and Pydantic models.
• Router specifies HTTP verb (GET, POST, PUT, etc..) and how to parse path.

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FastAPI Controller Example

lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/controllers/api/roles.py

@router.cbv
class FastAPIRoles:
    role_manager: RoleManager = depends(RoleManager)

    @router.get('/api/roles')
    def index(self, trans: ProvidesUserContext = DependsOnTrans) -> RoleListModel:
        roles = self.role_manager.list_displayable_roles(trans)
        return RoleListModel(__root__=[role_to_model(trans, r) for r in roles])

    @router.get('/api/roles/{id}')
    def show(self, id: EncodedDatabaseIdField, trans: ProvidesUserContext = DependsOnTrans) -> RoleModel:
        role_id = trans.app.security.decode_id(id)
        role = self.role_manager.get(trans, role_id)
        return role_to_model(trans, role)

    @router.post("/api/roles", require_admin=True)
    def create(self, trans: ProvidesUserContext = DependsOnTrans, role_definition_model: RoleDefinitionModel = Body(...)) -> RoleModel:
        role = self.role_manager.create_role(trans, role_definition_model)
        return role_to_model(trans, role)

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FastAPI and Pydantic

RoleIdField = Field(title="ID", description="Encoded ID of the role")
RoleNameField = Field(title="Name", description="Name of the role")
RoleDescriptionField = Field(title="Description", description="Description of the role")


class BasicRoleModel(BaseModel):
    id: EncodedDatabaseIdField = RoleIdField
    name: str = RoleNameField
    type: str = Field(title="Type", description="Type or category of the role")


class RoleModel(BasicRoleModel):
    description: str = RoleDescriptionField
    url: str = Field(title="URL", description="URL for the role")
    model_class: str = Field(title="Model class", description="Database model class (Role)")


class RoleDefinitionModel(BaseModel):
    name: str = RoleNameField
    description: str = RoleDescriptionField
    user_ids: Optional[List[EncodedDatabaseIdField]] = Field(title="User IDs", default=[])
    group_ids: Optional[List[EncodedDatabaseIdField]] = Field(title="Group IDs", default=[])

FastAPI and OpenAPI

FastAPI(title="Galaxy API", docs_url="/api/docs", ...)

class: enlarge150

WSGI API Controllers

• Also in lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/controllers/api/
• Mirroring FastAPI controllers until FastAPI required (likely 21.09)
• Exposed method take trans and request parameters and return a JSON response (possibly including Pydantic objects)

class: reduce70

WSGI API Controller Example

lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/controllers/api/roles.py

class RoleAPIController(BaseGalaxyAPIController):
    role_manager: RoleManager = depends(RoleManager)

    @web.expose_api
    def index(self, trans: ProvidesUserContext, **kwd):
        """
        GET /api/roles
        Displays a collection (list) of roles.
        """
        roles = self.role_manager.list_displayable_roles(trans)
        return RoleListModel(__root__=[role_to_model(trans, r) for r in roles])

    @web.expose_api
    def show(self, trans: ProvidesUserContext, id: str, **kwd):
        """
        GET /api/roles/{encoded_role_id}
        Displays information about a role.
        """
        role_id = decode_id(self.app, id)
        role = self.role_manager.get(trans, role_id)
        return role_to_model(trans, role)

    @web.expose_api
    @web.require_admin
    def create(self, trans: ProvidesUserContext, payload, **kwd):
        """
        POST /api/roles
        Creates a new role.
        """
        expand_json_keys(payload, ["user_ids", "group_ids"])
        role_definition_model = RoleDefinitionModel(**payload)
        role = self.role_manager.create_role(trans, role_definition_model)
        return role_to_model(trans, role)

class: enlarge150

Legacy WSGI Controllers

• lib/galaxy/webapps/galaxy/controllers/
• Return arbitrary content - JSON, HTML, etc…
• Render HTML components using mako templates (see templates/)
• The usage of these should continue to decrease over time.

app and Dependency Injection

The architecture of connecting Galaxy components.

A God object

“a God object is an object that knows too much or does too much. The God object is an example of an anti-pattern and a code smell.”

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/God_object

Not only does app know and do too much, it is also used way too many places. Every interesting component, every controller, the web transaction, etc.. has a reference to app.

A Typical Usage

class DatasetCollectionManager:

     def __init__(self, app):
        self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY
        self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY
        self.model = app.model
        self.security = app.security

        self.hda_manager = hdas.HDAManager(app)
        self.history_manager = histories.HistoryManager(app)
        self.tag_handler = tags.GalaxyTagHandler(app.model.context)
        self.ldda_manager = lddas.LDDAManager(app)

Problematic Dependency Graph

class DatasetCollectionManager:

     def __init__(self, app: UniverseApplication):
        self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY
        self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY
        self.model = app.model
        self.security = app.security

        self.hda_manager = hdas.HDAManager(app)
        self.history_manager = histories.HistoryManager(app)
        self.tag_handler = tags.GalaxyTagHandler(app.model.context)
        self.ldda_manager = lddas.LDDAManager(app)

UniverseApplication creates a DatasetCollectionManager for the application and DatasetCollectionManager imports and annotates the UniverseApplication as a requirement. This creates an unfortunate dependency loop.

Dependencies should form a DAG (directed acyclic graph).

Why an Interface?

Dependencies now closer to a DAG - DatasetCollectionManager no longer annotated with the type UniverseApplication! Imports are cleaner.

Benefits of Typing

class DatasetCollectionManager:

     def __init__(self, app: StructuredApp):
        self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY
        self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY
        self.model = app.model
        self.security = app.security

        self.hda_manager = hdas.HDAManager(app)
        self.history_manager = histories.HistoryManager(app)
        self.tag_handler = tags.GalaxyTagHandler(app.model.context)
        self.ldda_manager = lddas.LDDAManager(app)

• mypy provides robust type checking.
• IDE can provide hints to make developing this class and usage of this class easier.

class: reduce90

Design Problems with Handling Dependencies Directly

Using app to construct a manager for dealing with dataset collections.

class DatasetCollectionManager:

     def __init__(self, app: StructuredApp):
        self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY
        self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY
        self.model = app.model
        self.security = app.security

        self.hda_manager = hdas.HDAManager(app)
        self.history_manager = histories.HistoryManager(app)
        self.tag_handler = tags.GalaxyTagHandler(app.model.context)
        self.ldda_manager = lddas.LDDAManager(app)

• DatasetCollectionManager needs to know how to construct all the other managers it is using, not just their interface.
• app has a instance of this class and app is used to construct and instance of this class - this circular dependency chain results in brittleness and complexity in how to construct app.
• app is very big and we’re depending on a lot of it but not a large percent it. This makes typing less than ideal.

class: reduce90

Testing Problems with Handling Dependencies Directly

class DatasetCollectionManager:

     def __init__(self, app: StructuredApp):
        self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY
        self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY
        self.model = app.model
        self.security = app.security

        self.hda_manager = hdas.HDAManager(app)
        self.history_manager = histories.HistoryManager(app)
        self.tag_handler = tags.GalaxyTagHandler(app.model.context)
        self.ldda_manager = lddas.LDDAManager(app)

• Difficult to unit test properly
  • What parts of app are being used?
  • How do we construct a smaller app with just those pieces?
  • How do we stub out classes cleanly when we’re creating the dependent objects internally.

class: reduce90

Design Benefits of Injecting Dependencies

.code[```python class DatasetCollectionManager: def init( self, model: GalaxyModelMapping, security: IdEncodingHelper, hda_manager: HDAManager, history_manager: HistoryManager, tag_handler: GalaxyTagHandler, ldda_manager: LDDAManager, ): self.type_registry = DATASET_COLLECTION_TYPES_REGISTRY self.collection_type_descriptions = COLLECTION_TYPE_DESCRIPTION_FACTORY self.model = model self.security = security

    self.hda_manager = hda_manager
    self.history_manager = history_manager
    self.tag_handler = tag_handler
    self.ldda_manager = ldda_manager ```]

• We’re no longer depending on app.
• The type signature very clearly delineates what dependencies are required.
• Unit testing can inject precise dependencies supplying only the behavior needed.

Constructing the Object Is Still Brittle

DatasetCollectionManager(
    self.model,
    self.security,
    HDAManager(self),
    HistoryManager(self),
    GalaxyTagHandler(self.model.context),
    LDDAManager(self)
)

• The complexity in ordering of construction of app is still challenging.
• The constructing code of this object still needs to know how to construct each dependency of the object.
• The constructing code of this object needs to explicitly import all the types.

class: enlarge150

What is Type-based Dependency Injection?

A dependency injection container keeps tracks of singletons or recipes for how to construct each type. By default when it goes to construct an object, it can just ask the container for each dependency based on the type signature of the class being constructed.

If an object declares it consumes a dependency of type X (e.g. HDAManager), just query the container recursively for an object of type X.

What happens to object construction?

Once all the dependencies have been type annotated properly and the needed singletons have been configured.

dcm = DatasetCollectionManager(
    self.model,
    self.security,
    HDAManager(self),
    HistoryManager(self),
    GalaxyTagHandler(self.model.context),
    LDDAManager(self)
)

becomes

dcm = container[DatasetCollectionManager]

class: enlarge150

Picking a Library

Many of the existing DI libraries for Python predate widespread Python 3 and don’t readily infer things based on types. The benefits of typing and DI are both enhanced by the other - so it was important to pick one that could do type-based injection.

We went with Lagom, but we’ve built abstractions that would make it very easy to switch.

Lagom

https://lagom-di.readthedocs.io/en/latest/

DI and Controllers - FastAPI

FastAPI controllers allowed some basic dependency injection.

def get_tags_manager() -> TagsManager:
    return TagsManager()


@cbv(router)
class FastAPITags:
    manager: TagsManager = Depends(get_tags_manager)
    ...

Dependency injection allows for type checking but doesn’t use type inference (requires factory functions, etc..)

https://fastapi.tiangolo.com/tutorial/dependencies/

DI and Controllers - FastAPI Limitations

Also we have two different controller styles and only the new FastAPI allowed dependency injection.

def get_tags_manager() -> TagsManager:
    return TagsManager()


@cbv(router)
class FastAPITags:
    manager: TagsManager = Depends(get_tags_manager)
    ...

class TagsController(BaseAPIController):

    def __init__(self, app):
        super().__init__(app)
        self.manager = TagsManager()

class: reduce90

DI and Controllers - Unified Approach

-def get_tags_manager() -> TagsManager:
-    return TagsManager()
-
-
 @cbv(router)
 class FastAPITags:
-    manager: TagsManager = Depends(get_tags_manager)
+    manager: TagsManager = depends(TagsManager)

     @router.put(
         '/api/tags',
@@ -58,11 +54,8 @@ def update(
         self.manager.update(trans, payload)


-class TagsController(BaseAPIController):
-
-    def __init__(self, app):
-        super().__init__(app)
-        self.manager = TagsManager()
+class TagsController(BaseGalaxyAPIController):
+    manager: TagsManager = depends(TagsManager)

Building dependency injection into our application and not relying on FastAPI allows for dependency injection that is less verbose, available uniformly across the application, works for the legacy controllers identically.

DI and Tasks - Framework

From lib/galaxy/celery/tasks.py

from lagom import magic_bind_to_container
...

def galaxy_task(func):
    CELERY_TASKS.append(func.__name__)
    app = get_galaxy_app()
    if app:
        return magic_bind_to_container(app)(func)
    return func

magic_bind_to_container to binds function parameters to a specified Lagom DI container automatically.

DI and Tasks - Examples

From lib/galaxy/celery/tasks.py

@celery_app.task(ignore_result=True)
@galaxy_task
def purge_hda(hda_manager: HDAManager, hda_id):
    hda = hda_manager.by_id(hda_id)
    hda_manager._purge(hda)


@celery_app.task
@galaxy_task
def set_metadata(hda_manager: HDAManager, ldda_manager: LDDAManager, dataset_id, model_class='HistoryDatasetAssociation'):
    if model_class == 'HistoryDatasetAssociation':
        dataset = hda_manager.by_id(dataset_id)
    elif model_class == 'LibraryDatasetDatasetAssociation':
        dataset = ldda_manager.by_id(dataset_id)
    dataset.datatype.set_meta(dataset)

Tips for Designing New Galaxy Backend Components

• Consume only the related components you need to avoid app when possible.
• Annotate inputs to the component with Python types.
• Use interface types to shield consumers from implementation details.
• Rely on Galaxy’s dependency injection to construct the component and provide it to consumers.

Galaxy Tasks

The architecture surrounding Galaxy task management.

Speaker Notes

Web servers are a terrible place to do work. Traditional Python WSGI servers are meant for processing requests that take less a minute - they are meant for long running tasks.

This request/response cycle is inappropriate for deleting all the files in a history, submitted 10,000 batch jobs for a collection, building a zip file for a library folder.

Speaker Notes

Handling a task description off to Celery allows the web server to respond right away and avoid various hacks. Celery is meant for these long running tasks and has a set of operations for handling them properly.

class: enlarge150

Downsides of Celery

Adds more complexity to deploying Galaxy. Celery needs to be available to Galaxy at runtime, production Galaxy instances need a broker and a backend.

class: reduce90

Gravity + Celery

.code[``` $ galaxy Registered galaxy config: /home/nate/work/galaxy/config/galaxy.yml Creating or updating service gunicorn Creating or updating service celery Creating or updating service celery-beat celery: added process group 2022-01-20 14:44:24,619 INFO spawned: ‘celery’ with pid 291651 celery-beat: added process group 2022-01-20 14:44:24,620 INFO spawned: ‘celery-beat’ with pid 291652 gunicorn: added process group 2022-01-20 14:44:24,622 INFO spawned: ‘gunicorn’ with pid 291653 celery STARTING celery-beat STARTING gunicorn STARTING ==> /home/nate/work/galaxy/database/gravity/log/gunicorn.log <== …log output follows…

<span>Speaker Notes</span>

Start Galaxy with Gravity starts not only the Python web server (gunicorn)
running the Galaxy application but also celery and required services.

---

![Celery tasks being registered at startup](../../images/celery_tasks_list.png)

---

class: enlarge150

### Declaring a Task

- Placed in `galaxy.celery.tasks`.
- We've placed a layer around Celery to mirror what we're with API endpoints.
  - Typed functions with Pydantic inputs implicitly mapped.
  - Implicit type based dependency injection from Galaxy's DI container (using Lagom)
  - Feels a lot like writing an API endpoint.

---

class: enlarge150

### A Simple Task

.code[```
@galaxy_task(
    ignore_result=True,
    action="setting up export history job"
)
def export_history(
    model_store_manager: ModelStoreManager,
    request: SetupHistoryExportJob,
):
    model_store_manager.setup_history_export_job(request)
```]

---

class: enlarge150

### The `galaxy_task` Decorator

.code[```
@galaxy_task(
    ignore_result=True,
    action="setting up export history job"
)
def export_history(
    model_store_manager: ModelStoreManager,
    request: SetupHistoryExportJob,
):
    model_store_manager.setup_history_export_job(request)
```]

- `galaxy_task` is a wrapper around Celery's `task` decorator
- Wrap a simple function to turn it into a task.
- Ensure all inputs are JSON serializable or components in Galaxy's dependency injection container

---

class: enlarge150

### Celery and Pydantic

The `request` argument to `export_history` is a Pydantic model type named
`SetupHistoryExportJob`. These are mostly defined in `galaxy.schema.tasks`.

.code[```
from pydantic import BaseModel

class SetupHistoryExportJob(BaseModel):
    history_id: int
    job_id: int
    store_directory: str
    include_files: bool
    include_hidden: bool
    include_deleted: bool
```]

---

class: enlarge200

### Celery and Pydantic - Implementation

- Custom JSON encoding and decoding to adapt Celery to Pydantic.
- Implemented in `galaxy.celery._serialization`.
- Inject `__type__` and `__class__` attributes into JSON description.
- `@galaxy_task` decorator sets Celery `serializer` attribute.

---

class: enlarge150

### Celery and Dependency Injection

.code[```
@galaxy_task(
    ignore_result=True,
    action="setting up export history job"
)
def export_history(
    model_store_manager: ModelStoreManager,
    request: SetupHistoryExportJob,
):
    model_store_manager.setup_history_export_job(request)
```]

- The type declaration on `model_store_manager` of `ModelStoreManager` causes
  the Galaxy manager object of this class to be passed to the function when the
  task is running.
- Client does not need to have any knowledge of this class.

---

### Executing Tasks from Galaxy

See `lib/galaxy/tools/imp_exp/__init__.py`:

.code[```
from galaxy.schema.tasks import SetupHistoryExportJob

...

    request = SetupHistoryExportJob(
        history_id=history.id,
        job_id=self.job_id,
        store_directory=store_directory,
        include_files=True,
        include_hidden=include_hidden,
        include_deleted=include_deleted,
    )
    export_history.delay(request=request)

```]

The delay method is created implicitly from the `galaxy_task` decorator.

---

class: enlarge200

### Best Practices

- Place tasks in `galaxy.celery.tasks`.
- Keep the tasks as thin as possible (ideally simply delegate inputs
  to a manager or another Galaxy component independent of Celery).
- Ensure required/injected Galaxy components as small and decomposed as
  possible.
- Place new request definition argument types in `galaxy.schema.tasks`.

---

### Existing Tasks Success Stories

---

class: enlarge150

### PDF Export Problems

- We added PDF export of Galaxy Markdown using weasyprint
- Generation of PDF took too long, feature was quite unstable

---

class: enlarge150

### Short Term Storage (STS)

- A Galaxy component for managing user downloadable files that only
  need to exist for a little time.
- Traditionally, these kind of files have required a lot of
  hacking to do well in Galaxy (tracking transient request-like stuff in data model, etc..)
- Not just unoptimized by default, but unusable
- Required customizing nginx routes, special web server plugins, etc...

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/pull/13691

---

class: enlarge150

.code[```
class GeneratePdfDownload(BaseModel):
    short_term_storage_request_id: str
    basic_markdown: str
    document_type: PdfDocumentType
```]

---

class: enlarge120

### Robust PDF Export

.code[```
from galaxy.managers.markdown_util import generate_branded_pdf

@galaxy_task(
    action="preparing Galaxy Markdown PDF for download"
)
def prepare_pdf_download(
    request: GeneratePdfDownload,
    config: GalaxyAppConfiguration,
    short_term_storage_monitor: ShortTermStorageMonitor,
):
    generate_branded_pdf(
        request,
        config,
        short_term_storage_monitor,
    )
```]

---

class: enlarge120

### Exporting Histories, Invocations, Libraries

.code[```
@galaxy_task(
    action="generate and stage a workflow invocation store for download"
)
def prepare_invocation_download(
    model_store_manager: ModelStoreManager,
    request: GenerateInvocationDownload,
):
    model_store_manager.prepare_invocation_download(
        request
    )
```]

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/pull/12533

---

class: enlarge150

### Optimized Uploads

- Decomposed job handling, precursor to migrating more job components to Celery
- Converting uploads to tasks signficantly sped up running Galaxy tests
  - API tests went from 2.5 hours to 50 minutes
  - Amazing speed up for small jobs
- Exploring task composition

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/pull/13655

---

### Uploads - Task Composition

See `lib/galaxy/tools/execute.py`

.code[```
async_result = (
    setup_fetch_data.s(job_id, raw_tool_source=raw_tool_source)
    | fetch_data.s(job_id=job_id).set(queue="galaxy.external")
    | set_job_metadata.s(
        extended_metadata_collection="extended" in tool.app.config.metadata_strategy,
        job_id=job_id,
    ).set(
        queue="galaxy.external",
        link_error=finish_job.si(job_id=job_id, raw_tool_source=raw_tool_source)
    )
    | finish_job.si(job_id=job_id, raw_tool_source=raw_tool_source)
)()
```]

---

class: enlarge200

### Batch Operations

Task-based operations enable the most expensive of the new history's batch operations.

- Changing datatypes
- Purging datasets

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/pull/14042

---

class: enlarge200

### Future Work

- *Migrating tool submission to tasks*
- Workflow scheduling
- Importing shared histories

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/issues/11721

---

## Application Components - Models, Managers, and Services

*The architecture surrounding Galaxy components.*

---

![This section will talk about that manager layer and what lies below](../../images/asgi_app.plantuml.svg)

---

There are many ways to describe and visualize the Galaxy server architecture,
one is to imagine the Galaxy database as the ultimate source for Galaxy "stuff"
and the API controllers as the ultimate sink.

In this architecture imagining of Galaxy, managers are the layer meant to
mediate all controller interactions (and isolate the backend from the web
framework) while the model layer is meant to mediate all database interactions
(and isolate the backend from database internals).

---

![Models and Managers](../../images/core_models_managers.plantuml.svg)

---

class: enlarge150

### Services

Handle API and web processing details of requests and responses at a high-level.

Thin layer below the controllers to shield applciation logic from FastAPI internals.

In practice, it is totally fine to skip this layer and have FastAPI controllers talk directly
to managers.

---

class: enlarge150

### Managers

High-level business logic that ties all of these components together.

Controllers should ideally be thin wrappers around actions defined in managers.

Whenever a model requires more than just the database, the operation should be defined
in a manager instead of in the model.

---

### Managers - Some Key Files

![Key Managers](../../images/core_files_managers.plantuml.svg)

---

### Managers - Some Helpers

![Manager Helpers](../../images/core_files_managers_helpers.plantuml.svg)

---

### Galaxy Models

- Database interactions powered by SQLAlchemy - https://www.sqlalchemy.org/.
- Galaxy doesn't think in terms of "rows" but "objects".
- Classes for Galaxy model objects defined in `lib/galaxy/model/__init__.py`.
- Classes mapped to database objects in same module via "declarative mapping".
  - Classes/attributes mapped to tables/columns
  - Associations between classes mapped to relationships between tables


---

![SQLAlchemy Architecture](../../images/sqla_arch_small.png)

---

### Galaxy Database Schema Migrations

- Automated execution of incremental, reversible changes to the database schema.
- Performed to update or revert the database schema to a newer or older version.
- Powered by Alembic - https://alembic.sqlalchemy.org/.
  - (as of 22.05; prior to that by SQLAlchemy Migrate)
- Each file in `lib/galaxy/model/migrations/alembic/versions_gxy` represents a migration description
  - `e7b6dcb09efd_create_gxy_branch.py`
  - `6a67bf27e6a6_deferred_data_tables.py`
  - `b182f655505f_add_workflow_source_metadata_column.py`

---

### More on Schema Migrations

- Great documentation in code README - `lib/galaxy/model/migrations/README.md`
  - Admin perspective on how to migrate databases forward and revert on problems.
  - Developer persepctive on how to add new revisions.
- Galaxy's data model is split into the galaxy model and the legacy install model:
  - Persisted in one combined database or two separate databases
  - Represented by 2 migration branches: "gxy" and "tsi"
- Schema changes defined in revision modules:
  - `lib/galaxy/model/migrations/alembic/versions_gxy` (gxy branch: galaxy model)
  - `lib/galaxy/model/migrations/alembic/versions_tsi` (tsi branch: legacy install model)

---

![Galaxy Schema](../../images/galaxy_schema.png)

### Database Diagram

https://galaxyproject.org/admin/internals/data-model/

---

![HDA](../../images/hda.svg)

---

![HDA Dataset](../../images/hda_dataset.plantuml.svg)

---

### Dataset Metadata

- Typed key-value pairs attached to HDA.
- Keys and types defined at the datatype level.
- Can be used by tools to dynamically control the tool form.

<span>Speaker Notes</span>

---

![HDAs and HDCAs](../../images/hda_hdca.plantuml.svg)

---

![Workflows](../../images/workflow_definition.svg)

---

![Workflow Running](../../images/workflow_run.svg)

---

![Libraries](../../images/libraries.svg)

---

![Library Permissions](../../images/library_permissions.svg)

---

## Application Components - Plugins

*The architecture of pluggable Galaxy components.*

---

![Models and Managers](../../images/core_models_managers.plantuml.svg)

---

### Plugins All the Way Down

![Plugins](../../images/core_plugins_overview.plantuml.svg)

---

#### Datatypes

![Datatype Files](../../images/core_files_datatypes.plantuml.svg)

Developer docs on adding new datatypes can be found at https://docs.galaxyproject.org/en/latest/dev/data_types.html.

---

#### Tools

![ToolBox Classes](../../images/core_toolbox_classes.plantuml.svg)

Three major classes can be summarized as - the `ToolBox` contains `Tool` objects
that execute a `ToolAction`.

---

#### Subclasses of Tool

![Tool Classes](../../images/core_tool_classes.plantuml.svg)

---

![Running Tools](../../images/core_tool_sequence.plantuml.svg)

---

### A Little About Jobs

- Job is placed into the database and picked up by the job handler.
- Job handler (`JobHandler`) watches the job and transitions job's state - common startup and finishing.
- Job mapper (`JobRunnerMapper`) decides the "destination" for a job.
- Job runner (e.g. `DrammaJobRunner`) actual runs the job and provides an interface for checking status.

---

### Job Runners

![Job Runners](../../images/core_runner_classes.plantuml.svg)

---

![Handling Jobs](../../images/core_jobs_sequence.plantuml.svg)

---

![Data Managers](../../images/data_managers.svg)

---


### Visualization Plugins

Adding new visualizations to a Galaxy instance

- Configuration file (XML)
- Base template (Mako or JavaScript)
- Additional static data if needed (CSS, JS, …)


.footnote[[Learn more about it with our visualization tutorial.](/training-material/topics/dev/tutorials/visualization-generic/slides.html)]

---

class: reduce70

```xml
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE visualization SYSTEM "../../visualization.dtd">
<visualization name="ChiRAViz">
    <description>ChiRAViz</description>
    <data_sources>
        <data_source>
           <model_class>HistoryDatasetAssociation</model_class>
           <test type="isinstance" test_attr="datatype" result_type="datatype">binary.ChiraSQLite</test>
            <to_param param_attr="id">dataset_id</to_param>
        </data_source>
    </data_sources>
    <params>
        <param type="dataset" var_name_in_template="hda" required="true">dataset_id</param>
    </params>
    <template>chiraviz.mako</template>
</visualization>

template: left-aligned

Visualization Examples

All in config/plugins/visualizations:

• chiraviz - Latest addition mid-2020, demonstrates current state of the art building and packing. #9562
• csg - Chemical structure viewer
• graphviz - Visualize graph data using cytoscape.js
• charts - Classic charts as well as some integrated BioJS visualizations
• trackster - Genome browser, deeply tied to Galaxy internals.

Data Providers

Provide efficient access to data for viz & API

Framework provides direct link to read the raw dataset or use data providers to adapt it

In config, assert that visualization requires a given type of data providers

Data providers process data before sending to browser - slice, filter, reformat, …

Object Store

.strike[```python

fh = open(dataset.file_path, ‘w’) fh.write(‘foo’) fh.close() fh = open(dataset.file_path, ‘r’) fh.read() ```]

>>> app.objectstore.update_from_file(dataset, file_name=‘foo.txt’)
>>> app.objectstore.get_data(dataset)
>>> app.objectstore.get_data(dataset, start=42, count=4096)

These implementation are found below lib/galaxy/objectstore/.

FileSources vs ObjectStores

ObjectStores provide datasets not files, the files are organized logically in a very flat way around a dataset.

FilesSources instead provide files and directories, not datasets. A FilesSource is meant to be browsed in hierarchical fashion - and also has no concept of extra files, etc.. The former is assumed to be persistent, the latter makes no such assumption.

More information about File source plugins can be found at http://bit.ly/gcc21files

Workflow Modules

All these modules are found in lib/galaxy/workflow/modules.py.

lib/galaxy/util/plugin_config.py

Standardized way to load both a set of possible plugin class implementations from a directory of Python files and to parse either an XML or YAML/JSON description of configured plugins.

lib/galaxy/util/plugin_config.py Example Files

lib/galaxy/util/plugin_config.py Plugin Implementations

def plugins_dict(module, plugin_type_identifier):
    plugin_dict = {}

    for plugin_module in import_submodules(module, ordered=True):
        for clazz in __plugin_classes_in_module(plugin_module):
            plugin_type = getattr(clazz, plugin_type_identifier, None)
            if plugin_type:
                plugin_dict[plugin_type] = clazz

    return plugin_dict

Pieces of lib/galaxy/tool_util/deps/containers.py

class ContainerRegistry(object):

    def __init__(self, app_info, mulled_resolution_cache=None):
        self.resolver_classes = self.__resolvers_dict()
        self.app_info = app_info
        self.container_resolvers = self.__build_container_resolvers(app_info)
        # ... other stuff here

    def __build_container_resolvers(self, app_info):
        conf_file = getattr(app_info, 'containers_resolvers_config_file', None)
        plugin_source = plugin_config.plugin_source_from_path(conf_file)
        return self._parse_resolver_conf(plugin_source)

    def _parse_resolver_conf(self, plugin_source):
        extra_kwds = {
            'app_info': self.app_info
        }
        return plugin_config.load_plugins(
            self.resolver_classes, plugin_source, extra_kwds
        )

    def __resolvers_dict(self):
        import galaxy.tool_util.deps.container_resolvers
        return plugin_config.plugins_dict(
            galaxy.tool_util.deps.container_resolvers,
            'resolver_type'
        )

Pieces of lib/galaxy/tool_util/deps/container_resolvers/mulled.py

class CachedMulledDockerContainerResolver(ContainerResolver):

resolver_type = "cached_mulled"

    def __init__(self, app_info=None, namespace="biocontainers", hash_func="v2", **kwds):
        super(CachedMulledDockerContainerResolver, self).__init__(app_info)
        self.namespace = namespace
        self.hash_func = hash_func

    def resolve(self, enabled_container_types, tool_info, **kwds):
        # ... do the magic with configured plugin

container_resolvers_conf.xml

<container_resolvers>
  <cached_mulled />
  <cached_mulled namespace="mycustom" />
</container_resolvers>

container_resolvers_conf.yml

- resolver_type: cached_mulled
- resolver_type: cached_mulled
  namespace: mycustom

Client Architecture

The architecture of Galaxy’s web user interface.

template: left-aligned

Client Directories

• Source JavaScript for the client is in client/src.
• Source stylesheets are in client/src/style.
• “Packed” bundles served by Galaxy stored in static/dist
  • run.sh uses git diff to try to determine if client needs to be built before starting Galaxy
  • webpack builds these “compiled” artifacts

Upshot - to develop against the client, modify files in client/ and rebuild with make client before deployment.

class: normal

Building the Client - Makefile Targets

client: node-deps ## Rebuild all client-side artifacts (for local dev)
  cd client && yarn run build

client-production-maps: node-deps ## Build optimized artifacts with sourcemaps.
  cd client && yarn run build-production-maps

client-watch: node-deps ## Rebuild client on each change.
  cd client && yarn run watch

client-format: node-deps ## Reformat client code
  cd client && yarn run prettier

client-lint: client-eslint client-format-check ## ES lint and check format of client

client-test: node-deps  ## Run JS unit tests
  cd client && yarn run test

client-test-watch: client ## Watch and run all client unit tests on changes
  cd client && yarn run jest-watch

node-deps: ## Install NodeJS and dependencies.

Automatically Reloading During Development

The following command rebuilds the application on each change.

make client-watch

This is still a relatively slow process, an extra client development server can be started that proxies non-client requests to your Galaxy server and selectively reloads only what is needed during active development (hot module replacement or HMR).

make client-dev-server

Make sure to open Galaxy at http://localhost:8081 instead to point at the client proxy.

class: white

class: enlarge150

webpack in Galaxy

Packs and “transpiles” Galaxy ES6 code (.js), Galaxy Vue modules (.vue), libraries from npm, scss stylesheets (.scss) into browser native bundles.

Hundreds of high-level well organized files into optimized single files that can be quickly downloaded.

Lots of active development and complexity around Viz plugins and dependencies for instance, but the webpack configuration file in config/webpack.config.js is fairly straightforward.

class: white

Stylesheets

• Galaxy shared stylesheets are generally defined using the SCSS syntax
• SCSS is a high-level superset of CSS - https://sass-lang.com/documentation/syntax
• sass is leveraged by webpack to convert these styles to native CSS at client build time
• Rebuild style with make style
• Galaxy’s SCSS files can be found in client/src/style/scss/

Package and Build Files

Source Files

ES6

The client is built from JavaScript source files. We use ES6 JavaScript.

A tutorial to help learn JavaScript generally might be https://www.w3schools.com/js/.

For someone familiar with JavaScript but that wants a primer on the new language features in ES6, https://www.w3schools.com/js/js_es6.asp may be more appropriate.

Vue

Vue.js is a reactive framework for building web client applications.

We chose Vue.js over React initially because of its focus on allowing developers to incrementally or progressively replace pieces of complex existing applications.

The idea behind Vue.js is fairly simple to pick up and there is a lot of great tutorials and videos available. https://vuejs.org/v2/guide/ is a really good jumping off point.

Vuex

Vuex is a state management pattern + library for Vue.js applications. It serves as a centralized store for all the components in an application, with rules ensuring that the state can only be mutated in a predictable fashion.

https://vuex.vuejs.org/

Client Unit Tests

https://jestjs.io/

Configured in client/src/jest/jest.config.js.

Vue tests are placed beside components in client/src, more tests in client/test/qunit/tests and client/test/jest/standalone/.

Vue Test Utils

Vue Test Utils is the official unit testing utility library for Vue.js.

https://vue-test-utils.vuejs.org/

Really nice reference library documentation. A lot of helpers and concepts to unit test Vue components.

Client Unit Test Design Tips

https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy/tree/dev/client/docs/src/component-design/unit-testing

• Clearly document the intent of your test
• Implement logic in pure functions when possible
• Wrap native browser resources in a function so they can be easily mocked

Webhooks in Galaxy

Webhooks is a system in Galaxy which can be used to write small JS and/or Python functions to change predefined locations in the Galaxy client.

In short: A plugin infrastructure for the Galaxy UI

.footnote[You can learn more about webhooks using our webhook training.]

Webhook masthead example

At the header menu: Enabling the overlay search, link to communities …

.footnote[You can learn more about webhooks using our webhook training.]

Webhook tool/workflow example

Shown after tool or workflow execution. Comics, citations, support …

.footnote[You can learn more about webhooks using our webhook training.]

Webhook history-menu example

Adds an entry to the history menu - no functionality as of now

.footnote[You can learn more about webhooks using our webhook training.]

Dependencies

template: left-aligned

Dependencies - Python

script/common_startup.sh sets up a virtualenv with required dependencies in $GALAXY_ROOT/.venv (or $GALAXY_VIRTUAL_ENV if set).

• Check for existing virtual environment, if it doesn’t exist check for virtualenv.
• If virtualenv exists, use it. Otherwise download it as a script and setup a virtual environment using it.
• . "$GALAXY_VIRTUAL_ENV/bin/activate"
• Upgrade to latest pip to allow use of binary wheels.
• pip install -r requirements.txt --index-url https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/simple
• Install dozens of dependencies.

template: left-aligned

Dependencies - JavaScript

• Dependencies are defined in client/package.json.
• These are fetched from npm and compiled into bundles as part of make client and related Makefile targets.

Galaxy Startup Process

Cloning Galaxy

$ git clone https://github.com/galaxyproject/galaxy.git galaxy
Cloning into 'galaxy'...
remote: Counting objects: 173809, done.
remote: Total 173809 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0), pack-reused 173809
Receiving objects: 100% (173809/173809), 55.18 MiB | 11.08 MiB/s, done.
Resolving deltas: 100% (137885/137885), done.
Checking connectivity... done.
$ cd galaxy
$ git checkout -b master origin/master
Branch master set up to track remote branch master from origin.
Switched to a new branch 'master'
$ sh run.sh

class: reduce90

Copying Configs

$ sh run.sh
Initializing config/migrated_tools_conf.xml from migrated_tools_conf.xml.sample
Initializing config/shed_tool_conf.xml from shed_tool_conf.xml.sample
Initializing config/shed_tool_data_table_conf.xml from shed_tool_data_table_conf.xml.sample
Initializing config/shed_data_manager_conf.xml from shed_data_manager_conf.xml.sample
Initializing tool-data/shared/ucsc/builds.txt from builds.txt.sample
Initializing tool-data/shared/ucsc/manual_builds.txt from manual_builds.txt.sample
Initializing tool-data/shared/ucsc/ucsc_build_sites.txt from ucsc_build_sites.txt.sample
Initializing tool-data/shared/igv/igv_build_sites.txt from igv_build_sites.txt.sample
Initializing tool-data/shared/rviewer/rviewer_build_sites.txt from rviewer_build_sites.txt.sample
Initializing static/welcome.html from welcome.html.sample

Setting up .venv and pip

Using real prefix '/usr'
New python executable in .venv/bin/python
Installing setuptools, pip, wheel...done.
Activating virtualenv at .venv
Collecting pip>=8.1
  Using cached pip-8.1.2-py2.py3-none-any.whl
Installing collected packages: pip
  Found existing installation: pip 7.1.2
    Uninstalling pip-7.1.2:
      Successfully uninstalled pip-7.1.2
Successfully installed pip-8.1.2

class: reduce70

Installing Dependencies

.code[``` Collecting bx-python==0.7.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 2)) Downloading https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/packages/bx_python-0.7.3-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (2.1MB) Collecting MarkupSafe==0.23 (from -r requirements.txt (line 3)) Downloading https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/packages/MarkupSafe-0.23-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl Collecting PyYAML==3.11 (from -r requirements.txt (line 4)) Downloading https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/packages/PyYAML-3.11-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (367kB) Collecting SQLAlchemy==1.0.8 (from -r requirements.txt (line 5)) Downloading https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/packages/SQLAlchemy-1.0.8-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (1.0MB) Collecting mercurial==3.7.3 (from -r requirements.txt (line 6)) Downloading https://wheels.galaxyproject.org/packages/mercurial-3.7.3-cp27-cp27mu-manylinux1_x86_64.whl (1.5MB) … … Building wheels for collected packages: repoze.lru Running setup.py bdist_wheel for repoze.lru: started Running setup.py bdist_wheel for repoze.lru: finished with status ‘done’ Stored in directory: /home/john/.cache/pip/wheels/b2/cd/b3/7e24400bff83325a01d492940eff6e9579f553f33348323d79 Successfully built repoze.lru Installing collected packages: bx-python, MarkupSafe, PyYAML, SQLAlchemy, mercurial, numpy, pycrypto, six, Paste, PasteDeploy, docutils, wchartype, repoze.lru, Routes, WebOb, WebHelpers, Mako, pytz, Babel, Beaker, dictobj, nose, Parsley, Whoosh, Markdown, Cheetah, requests, boto, requests-toolbelt, bioblend, anyjson, amqp, kombu, psutil, PasteScript, pulsar-galaxy-lib, sqlparse, pbr, decorator, Tempita, sqlalchemy-migrate, pyparsing, svgwrite, ecdsa, paramiko, Fabric, pysam Successfully installed Babel-2.0 Beaker-1.7.0 Cheetah-2.4.4 Fabric-1.10.2 Mako-1.0.2 Markdown-2.6.3 MarkupSafe-0.23 Parsley-1.3 Paste-2.0.2 PasteDeploy-1.5.2 PasteScript-2.0.2 PyYAML-3.11 Routes-2.2 SQLAlchemy-1.0.8 Tempita-0.5.3.dev0 WebHelpers-1.3 WebOb-1.4.1 Whoosh-2.7.4 amqp-1.4.8 anyjson-0.3.3 bioblend-0.7.0 boto-2.38.0 bx-python-0.7.3 decorator-4.0.2 dictobj-0.3.1 docutils-0.12 ecdsa-0.13 kombu-3.0.30 mercurial-3.7.3 nose-1.3.7 numpy-1.9.2 paramiko-1.15.2 pbr-1.8.0 psutil-4.1.0 pulsar-galaxy-lib-0.7.0.dev4 pycrypto-2.6.1 pyparsing-2.1.1 pysam-0.8.4+gx1 pytz-2015.4 repoze.lru-0.6 requests-2.8.1 requests-toolbelt-0.4.0 six-1.9.0 sqlalchemy-migrate-0.10.0 sqlparse-0.1.16 svgwrite-1.1.6 wchartype-0.1

---

class: reduce70

### Initial Debugging as App Starts

.code[```
Activating virtualenv at .venv
DEBUG:galaxy.app:python path is: /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/scripts,
/home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/lib, /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/lib/python2.7,/home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu,
/home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/lib/python2.7/lib-tk, /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/lib/python2.7/lib-old, /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/lib/python2.7/lib-dynload,
/usr/lib/python2.7, /usr/lib/python2.7/plat-x86_64-linux-gnu, /usr/lib/python2.7/lib-tk, /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/.venv/local/lib/python2.7/site-packages
INFO:galaxy.config:Logging at '10' level to 'stdout'
galaxy.queue_worker INFO 2016-06-23 19:11:51,925 Initializing main Galaxy Queue Worker on sqlalchemy+sqlite:///./database/control.sqlite?isolation_level=IMMEDIATE
tool_shed.tool_shed_registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,951 Loading references to tool sheds from ./config/tool_sheds_conf.xml.sample
tool_shed.tool_shed_registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,951 Loaded reference to tool shed: Galaxy Main Tool Shed
galaxy.app DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,956 Using "galaxy.yml" config file:
/home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/config/galaxy.yml.sample
```]

---

class: reduce70

### Database Migrations

.code[```
migrate.versioning.repository DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,993 Loading repository lib/galaxy/model/migrate...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,994 Loading script lib/galaxy/model/migrate/versions/0001_initial_tables.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,994 Script lib/galaxy/model/migrate/versions/0001_initial_tables.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:51,994 Loading script lib/galaxy/model/migrate/versions/0002_metadata_file_table.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:11:52,009 Loading script lib/galaxy/model/migrate/versions/0131_subworkflow_and_input_parameter_modules.py...
...
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:32,812 Migrating 128 -> 129...
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:33,436
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:33,437 Migration script to allow invalidation of job external output metadata temp files
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:33,437
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:33,437
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:33,437 Migrating 129 -> 130...
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:34,325
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:34,325 Migration script to change the value column of user_preference from varchar to text.
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:34,325
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:34,325
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:34,326 Migrating 130 -> 131...
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,633
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,633 Migration script to support subworkflows and workflow request input parameters
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,633
galaxy.model.migrate.check INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,633
```]

---

Everything after here happens every time

---

class: reduce70

.code[```
migrate.versioning.repository DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,635 Loading repository lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,635 Loading script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0001_tools.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0001_tools.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Loading script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0002_tools.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0002_tools.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Loading script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0003_tools.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0003_tools.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Loading script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0004_tools.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0004_tools.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Loading script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0005_tools.py...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,636 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0005_tools.py loaded successfully
...
migrate.versioning.script.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,637 Script lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate/versions/0012_tools.py loaded successfully
migrate.versioning.repository DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,637 Repository lib/tool_shed/galaxy_install/migrate loaded successfully
tool_shed.galaxy_install.migrate.check DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,660 The main Galaxy tool shed is not currently available, so skipped tool migration 1 until next server startup
galaxy.config INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,679 Install database targetting Galaxy's database configuration.
```]

---

class: reduce70

.code[```
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,748 Loading datatypes from ./config/datatypes_conf.xml.sample
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,749 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.binary:Ab1 from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,750 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.assembly:Amos from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,751 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.text:Arff from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,751 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.data:GenericAsn1 from the datatype registry.
...
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,822 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:SquareDistanceMatrix from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,822 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:LowerTriangleDistanceMatrix from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,822 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:RefTaxonomy from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,822 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:RefTaxonomy from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:RefTaxonomy from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:ConsensusTaxonomy from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:TaxonomySummary from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Frequency from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Quantile from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Quantile from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Quantile from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,823 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Quantile from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Axes from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:SffFlow from the datatype registry.
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Retrieved datatype module galaxy.datatypes.mothur:CountTable from the datatype registry.
```]

---

class: reduce70

.code[```
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Sabund'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Otu'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:GroupAbund'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:SecondaryStructureMap'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:LowerTriangleDistanceMatrix'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,824 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:SquareDistanceMatrix'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:PairwiseDistanceMatrix'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Oligos'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Quantile'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Frequency'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:LaneMask'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:RefTaxonomy'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.mothur:Axes'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.constructive_solid_geometry:PlyAscii'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.constructive_solid_geometry:PlyBinary'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.constructive_solid_geometry:VtkAscii'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.constructive_solid_geometry:VtkBinary'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.interval:ScIdx'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,825 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.tabular:Vcf'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,826 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:TwoBit'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,826 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:GeminiSQLite'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,826 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:MzSQlite'
...
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Psd'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Xbm'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Rgb'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Pbm'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Pgm'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,832 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Xpm'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Eps'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.images:Rast'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliCountGraph'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliNodeGraph'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliTagSet'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliStopTags'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliSubset'
galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded sniffer for datatype 'galaxy.datatypes.binary:OxliGraphLabels'

]

class: reduce70

.code[ galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,833 Loaded build site 'ucsc': tool-data/shared/ucsc/ucsc_build_sites.txt with display sites: main,test,archaea,ucla galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,834 Loaded build site 'gbrowse': tool-data/shared/gbrowse/gbrowse_build_sites.txt with display sites: modencode,sgd_yeast,tair,wormbase,wormbase_ws120,wormbase_ws140,wormbase_ws170,wormbase_ws180,wormbase_ws190,wormbase_ws200,wormbase_ws204,wormbase_ws210,wormbase_ws220,wormbase_ws225 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,834 Loaded build site 'ensembl': tool-data/shared/ensembl/ensembl_sites.txt galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,834 Loaded build site 'ensembl_data_url': tool-data/shared/ensembl/ensembl_sites_data_URL.txt galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,834 Loaded build site 'igv': tool-data/shared/igv/igv_build_sites.txt galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,834 Loaded build site 'rviewer': tool-data/shared/rviewer/rviewer_build_sites.txt ]

class: reduce70

.code[``` galaxy.tools.data INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,871 Could not find tool data tool-data/all_fasta.loc, reading sample galaxy.tools.data DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,871 Loaded tool data table ‘all_fasta’ galaxy.tools.data INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:35,871 Could not find tool data tool-data/bfast_indexes.loc, reading sample galaxy.tools.data DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:35,871 Loaded tool data table ‘bfast_indexes’ galaxy.tools.data WARNING 2016-06-23 19:13:35,871 Cannot find index file ‘tool-data/blastdb_p.loc’ for tool data table ‘blastdb_p’ … galaxy.tools.data DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,210 Loaded tool data table ‘vcf_iobio’ galaxy.tools.data INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:36,211 Could not find tool data tool-data/biom_simple_display.loc, reading sample galaxy.tools.data DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,211 Loaded tool data table ‘biom_simple_display’

```]

class: reduce70

Job Configuration, Citation Cache

.code[ galaxy.jobs DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,233 Loading job configuration from /home/john/workspace/galaxy-clean/config/galaxy.yml.sample galaxy.jobs DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,233 Done loading job configuration beaker.container DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,278 data file ./database/citations/data/container_file/4/48/48e563f148dc04d8b31c94878c138019862e580d.cache ]

class: reduce70

Load Toolbox

.code[ galaxy.tools.toolbox.base INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:36,279 Parsing the tool configuration ./config/tool_conf.xml.sample galaxy.tools.toolbox.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,291 Loaded tool id: upload1, version: 1.1.4 into tool panel.. galaxy.tools.toolbox.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,294 Loaded tool id: ucsc_table_direct1, version: 1.0.0 into tool panel.. galaxy.tools.toolbox.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,296 Loaded tool id: ucsc_table_direct_test1, version: 1.0.0 into tool panel.. galaxy.tools.toolbox.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,298 Loaded tool id: ucsc_table_direct_archaea1, version: 1.0.0 into tool panel.. ... galaxy.tools.toolbox.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,496 Loaded tool id: vcf_to_maf_customtrack1, version: 1.0.0 into tool panel.. galaxy.tools.toolbox.base INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:36,497 Parsing the tool configuration ./config/shed_tool_conf.xml galaxy.tools.toolbox.base INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:36,497 Parsing the tool configuration ./config/migrated_tools_conf.xml ]

class: reduce90

Tool Dependency Resolution and Indexing

.code[ galaxy.tools.deps WARNING 2016-06-23 19:13:36,498 Path './database/dependencies' does not exist, ignoring galaxy.tools.deps WARNING 2016-06-23 19:13:36,498 Path './database/dependencies' is not directory, ignoring galaxy.tools.deps DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,503 Unable to find config file './dependency_resolvers_conf.xml' galaxy.tools.search DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:36,560 Starting to build toolbox index. galaxy.tools.search DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:37,789 Toolbox index finished. It took: 0:00:01.229406 ]

class: reduce70

Display Applications

.code[ galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:37,795 Loaded display application 'ucsc_bam' for datatype 'bam', inherit=False. galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:37,797 Loaded display application 'ensembl_bam' for datatype 'bam', inherit=False. galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:37,833 Loaded display application 'igv_bam' for datatype 'bam', inherit=False. galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:37,834 Loaded display application 'igb_bam' for datatype 'bam', inherit=False. ... galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,002 Loaded display application 'igv_vcf' for datatype 'vcf_bgzip', inherit=False. galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,003 Loaded display application 'biom_simple' for datatype 'biom1', inherit=False. galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,003 Adding inherited display application 'ensembl_gff' to datatype 'gtf' galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,004 Adding inherited display application 'igv_gff' to datatype 'gtf' ... galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,007 Adding inherited display application 'gbrowse_interval_as_bed' to datatype 'bed6' galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,007 Adding inherited display application 'rviewer_interval' to datatype 'bed6' galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,007 Adding inherited display application 'igv_interval_as_bed' to datatype 'bed6' ]

class: reduce70

Datatype Converters

.code[ galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,010 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_Bam_Bai_0 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,011 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_bam_to_bigwig_0 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,012 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_bed_to_gff_0 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,012 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_bed_to_bgzip_0 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,013 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_bed_to_tabix_0 ... galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,096 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_cml_to_inchi galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,097 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_cml_to_sdf galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,098 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_cml_to_mol2 galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,099 Loaded converter: CONVERTER_ref_to_seq_taxomony ]

class: reduce90

Special Tools

.code[ galaxy.datatypes.registry DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,101 Loaded external metadata tool: __SET_METADATA__ galaxy.tools.special_tools DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,107 Loaded history import tool: __IMPORT_HISTORY__ galaxy.tools.special_tools DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,108 Loaded history export tool: __EXPORT_HISTORY__ ]

class: reduce70

Visualization Plugins

.code[ galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,109 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: charts galaxy.visualization.plugins.config_parser INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,110 Visualizations plugin disabled: Circster. Skipping... galaxy.visualization.plugins.config_parser INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,111 template syntax is deprecated: use entry_point instead galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,111 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: csg galaxy.visualization.plugins.config_parser INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,111 template syntax is deprecated: use entry_point instead galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,112 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: graphviz galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,112 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: phyloviz galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,113 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: scatterplot galaxy.visualization.plugins.config_parser INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,113 Visualizations plugin disabled: Sweepster. Skipping... galaxy.web.base.pluginframework INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,114 VisualizationsRegistry, loaded plugin: trackster ]

Tours

.code[ galaxy.tours INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,125 Loaded tour 'core.scratchbook' galaxy.tours INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,158 Loaded tour 'core.galaxy_ui' galaxy.tours INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,183 Loaded tour 'core.history' ]

class: reduce90

Job Handler and Runners

.code[ galaxy.jobs.manager DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,196 Starting job handler galaxy.jobs INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,196 Handler 'main' will load all configured runner plugins galaxy.jobs.runners.state_handler_factory DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,198 Loaded 'failure' state handler from module galaxy.jobs.runners.state_handlers.resubmit galaxy.jobs.runners DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,198 Starting 5 LocalRunner workers galaxy.jobs DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,200 Loaded job runner 'galaxy.jobs.runners.local:LocalJobRunner' as 'local' galaxy.jobs DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,200 Legacy destination with id 'local:///', url 'local:///' converted, got params: galaxy.jobs.handler DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,200 Loaded job runners plugins: local galaxy.jobs.handler INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,200 job handler stop queue started galaxy.jobs.handler INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:38,222 job handler queue started ]

class: reduce70

Ignore this…

.code[ galaxy.sample_tracking.external_service_types DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,229 Loaded external_service_type: Simple unknown sequencer 1.0.0 galaxy.sample_tracking.external_service_types DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,230 Loaded external_service_type: Applied Biosystems SOLiD 1.0.0 ]

class: reduce90

Workflow Scheduler

.code[ galaxy.workflow.scheduling_manager DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,254 Starting workflow schedulers ]

class: reduce90

Controllers

.code[ galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,347 Enabling 'external_service' controller, class: ExternalService galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,347 Enabling 'requests_common' controller, class: RequestsCommon galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,375 Enabling 'library_common' controller, class: LibraryCommon galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,390 Enabling 'visualization' controller, class: VisualizationController galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,398 Enabling 'page' controller, class: PageController galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,400 Enabling 'async' controller, class: ASync ... galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,728 Enabling 'history_content_tags' API controller, class: HistoryContentTagsController galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,728 Enabling 'history_tags' API controller, class: HistoryTagsController galaxy.web.framework.base DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:38,728 Enabling 'workflow_tags' API controller, class: WorkflowTagsController ]

class: reduce90

Middleware

.code[ galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,036 Enabling 'httpexceptions' middleware galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,037 Enabling 'recursive' middleware galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,042 Enabling 'error' middleware galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,043 Enabling 'trans logger' middleware galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,044 Enabling 'x-forwarded-host' middleware galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,044 Enabling 'Request ID' middleware ]

class: reduce70

Static Paths for Viz

.code[ galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,048 added url, path to static middleware: /plugins/visualizations/charts/static, ./config/plugins/visualizations/charts/static galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,048 added url, path to static middleware: /plugins/visualizations/csg/static, ./config/plugins/visualizations/csg/static galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,049 added url, path to static middleware: /plugins/visualizations/graphviz/static, ./config/plugins/visualizations/graphviz/static galaxy.webapps.galaxy.buildapp DEBUG 2016-06-23 19:13:39,049 added url, path to static middleware: /plugins/visualizations/scatterplot/static, ./config/plugins/visualizations/scatterplot/static ]

class: reduce90

It is Up!

.code[ galaxy.queue_worker INFO 2016-06-23 19:13:39,049 Binding and starting galaxy control worker for main Starting server in PID 21102. serving on http://127.0.0.1:8080 ]

Production Galaxy - usegalaxy.org

class: centered

.pull-left[

Default

SQLite

Paste#http

Single process

Single host

Local jobs

]

.pull-right[

Production

PostgreSQL

uWSGI / nginx

Multiple processes

Multiple hosts

Jobs across many clusters ]

• https://usegalaxy.org/production *

postgres

• Database server can scale way beyond default sqlite
• https://www.postgresql.org/
• github.com/galaxyproject/usegalaxy-playbook -> roles/galaxyprojectdotorg.postgresql

nginx (or Apache)

• Optimized servers for static content
• https://www.nginx.com/resources/wiki/
• github.com/galaxyproject/usegalaxy-playbook -> templates/nginx/usegalaxy.j2

Multi-processes

Threads in Python are limited by the GIL.

Running multiple processes of Galaxy and seperate processes for web handling and job processing works around this.

This used to be an important detail - but uWSGI makes things a lot easier.

Cluster Support

Q & A

Legacy Client Architecture

Speaker Notes

Still some backbone and templates here and there, might be better to drop though?

Speaker Notes

Workflow, Data Libraries, Visualization, History, Tool Menu, Many Grids, User and preference management.

class: white

Backbone MVC

Speaker Notes

Admin things, Reports and Tool Shed Web app

Galaxy WSGI

class: enlarge150

Why not just Django?

We do build on many of the same standards, concepts, and libraries - the entire stack isn’t custom code but there is a non-trivial web framework defined in “Galaxy”.

The Galaxy community likes Django and uses it to build newer webapps, Galaxy simply predates it and has evolved its own framework.

Key Points

• Galaxy runs out of the box and fetches all needed dependencies.
• Running Galaxy in production requires configuration.
• The architecture is designed to be pluggable and extensible.
• Learn more about different Galaxy aspects in our [development section](/topics/dev/).

Thank you!